Department of Chemistry

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    Application of atom transfer radical polymerization for the preparation of multifunctional materials
    Chatterjee, Dhruba Prasad
    The present thesis entitled “APPLICATION OF ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION FOR THE PREPARATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS” deals with the controlled synthesis and application of different multifunction amphiphilic block and graft copolymers. The work is carried out at the department of chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India, under the supervision of Dr. Dhruba Prosad Chatterjee. The thesis comprises of five chapters. Chapter 1 deals with a brief introduction of classification and architectures of polymers and different techniques of polymerization. It also emphasizes the advantage of ‘living’ radical polymerization. This chapter provides an elaborate discussion of commercially attractive different LRP techniques with low metal mediated complex concentration. Chapter 2 deals with the synthesis of ‘living’ poly(2- dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) by bulk atom transfer radical polymerization using CuCl/ N,N,N/ ,N/ ,N// -pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst at ambient temperature which occurs through soluble ATRP catalyst entrapped within reverse micelles where an adventitious role of water molecules during polymerization is noted. Synthesized PDMAEMA molecules work efficiently as macroinitiators for the synthesis of different stimuli responsive, multifunctional di- or triblock copolymers through sequential polymerization. Chapter 3 deals with the stabilization of CdS quantum dots by the diblock copolymer PDMAEMA-bpoly[di(ethyleneglycol)methyl ether methacrylate] in aqueous medium which show stimuli dependent reversible switch between micelle ‘core-confined’ and ‘corona-embedded’ morphologies. Chapter 4 deals with the synthesis of different Poly(vinylidene fluoride) grafted amphiphilic random ter/bi- copolymers containing reactive Poly(furfuryl methacrylate) or thermo responsive PDEGMEM etc. as constituents by ATRP in homogeneous solution followed by the post polymerization modification with maleimide by the Diels-Alder reaction to introduce imidodicarbonyl moieties. Membrane fabrication is subsequently done by breath figure or immersion-precipitation techniques. The fabricated membrane offers the capability of exerting affinity-interaction with melamine or nucleobases in the protein immobilization. Chapter 5 deals with the future objective where synthesis of PVDF based graft copolymers having hydrophobic/hydrophilic stimuli responsive polymer systems effective in metal-ion affinity membrane chromatography along with the preparation v of block copolymers based on (2-hydroxyethyl) methacrylate chains which has an immense utility in the industrial and biomedical field has been proposed.
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    Design and Synthesis of some Fluorescent Probes studies with Biomacromolecular Systems
    Majhi, Anjoy
    Fluorescent probes are powerful tools for biosensing and bioimaging because of their high sensitivity, specificity, high fluorescence intensity, excellent solubility, biocompatibility and simple preparation. Hence, development of fluorescent probes specifically for biological settings and clinical setting has attracted intense interest. They can provide direct visualization and dynamic information concerning the localization and quantity of biomolecules of interest. Till to date, different kind of fluorescent probes is commercially available and can be used in biological investigations. ‘Click reaction’ is one of our main strategy for the synthesis of fluorescent probes. Click reaction is Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of alkyne and azide (CuAAC) reaction and by the CuAAC reaction, 1,2,3-triazole moiety-containing compounds can be synthesized conveniently. This triazole moiety have enormous application including pharmaceuticals, and are available as drugs today. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) are the most abundant plasma proteins which play a key role in many biological systems. The molecular weight of these two serum albumins (SA) are almost similar (66 KDa and 66.5 KDa are the molecular weight of BSA and HSA respectively) and also shows 80% structure similarity with each other. Protein ligand binding study is very important in drug design and developing system. Information is obtained from this study, whether it can act as a drug or not at very preliminary stage of research. Photophysical studies of protein ligand interaction using different spectroscopic technique enhance our knowledge towards the way of binding. Our research work mainly categorized into two parts namely, the synthesis of some novel compounds using standard methods such as click reaction, and thereafter investigation of the interaction of the synthesized compounds with serum albumins (e.g. BSA/HSA) by different spectroscopic technique and also the biological activities of the compounds. Hence, an attempt is taken for the binding study of the newly synthesized compounds with biomolecules to assemble the information about the role of a novel compounds for development of biomedicines in the drug design or drug delivery process at very preliminary stage of the modern research
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    Developments of Low-Cost Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries with Prussian Blue Analogue Positive Electrodes for Solar Energy Storage Applications
    Biswas, Biplab; Banerjee, Anjan
    In this thesis, different aqueous sodium ion batteries are presented with various combinations of positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte, whereas the target application is the solar energy storage. Several Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) with multiple transition metal substitutions are utilized as positive electrodes, while diverse classes of redox active materials, namely functionalized carbons, vanadium based polyoxometalates, metal oxides, metal phosphates etc. are screened for negative electrodes. Herein, low-cost stainless steel current collectors are utilized, while optimized corrosion protective coatings are applied. The sodium ion prototype cells and devices with multiple electrode couples are assembled in both flooded and starved electrolyte configurations. The exploitation of hydrogels as electrolyte media is vividly emphasized in this thesis. However, all the developed prototype cells/devices are laboratory tested through specific capacity, Faradaic efficiency, rate capability, energy density, power density and cycle life at a wide range of working temperatures. Moreover, the prototype devices are also performance tested through the custom-built solar charging module as part of the feasibility assessments for solar energy storage applications. However, this thesis comprises eight chapters, and brief descriptions of each chapter are following. Chapter 1 elaborates the basic concepts of battery applications in renewable energy storage sectors. This chapter starts with the fundamental ideas of energy storage devices, namely batteries and supercapacitors, while their significances in our daily life are greatly discussed. The limitations of present battery technologies for solar energy storage are addressed, and the lacuna could be filled by the introduction of aqueous sodium ion batteries. The middle part of this chapter deals with the sodium ion electrochemistry and relevant active material screening. However, this chapter culminates with the wise selection of PBAs as positive electrode materials in sodium ion systems. Chapter 2 describes hybrid sodium ion batteries, wherewith Na2NiFe(CN)6 (Ni-PBA) positive electrode couples with functionalized carbon negative electrodes in starved electrolyte configuration. A 1 M Na2SO4 (aq.) solution is used as electrolyte, which is socked in porous adsorbent glass mat (AGM) separator. Chapter 3 demonstrates Na2CoFe(CN)6//NaV3O8 (Co-PBA//NVO) couple for successful sodium ion cells under pouch and prismatic cell configurations, whereas respective Na2SO4-AGM and Na2SO4- SiO2-hydrogel electrolytes are employed. Chapter 4 depicts the sodium ion cell with Na2MnFe(CN)6 (Mn-PBA) positive and commercial Fe2O3 negative electrodes in Na2SO4-SiO2-hydrogel electrolyte. This cell chemistry does not sustain well due to multiple performance limiting issues arising from both positive and negative electrodes. Chapter 5 emphasis on the limitations of Mn-PBA//Fe2O3 couple, and the legitimate solutions are addressed. Herein, Ni incorporation in Mn-PBA and Na-doping in Fe2O3 appreciably mitigate the problems of Mn-PBA//Fe2O3 couple. Therefore, a successful sodium ion cell is reported by coupling Na2Mn0.5Ni0.5Fe(CN)6 (MnNi-PBA) as positive and Na-doped Fe2O3 (NaxFe2O3) as negative electrodes in a novel hydrogel comprising carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and SiO2 in 1 M Na2SO4 (aq.). Chapter 6 demonstrates the performance studies of Na2Co0.5Ni0.5Fe(CN)6//Na3Ti2(PO4)3 (CoNiPBA//NTP) sodium ion cell in 1 M (aq.) Na2SO4-SiO2 hydrogel electrolyte. Chapter 7 represents the optimization studies of Ni/Co/Mn ratio in Na2NixCoyMnzFe(CN)6 system, while, Na2Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33Fe(CN)6 demonstrates augmented electrochemical performances. A sodium ion full cell is assembled with Na2Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33Fe(CN)6 positive and hydrogen Vanadate negative electrodes in Na2SO4-CMC-SiO2 hydrogel electrolyte. Chapter 8 introduces the high entropy PBAs (HE-PBAs: Na1.3Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2[Fe(CN)6]0.82‧2.2H2O and Na1.7Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2[Fe(CN)6]0.93‧1.4H2O) as positive electrodes in aqueous sodium ion cells. The Na2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Fe(CN)6 shows better charge storage performances, and is coupled with Na-incorporated CuFeO, derived from Na2CuFe(CN)6, in Na2SO4-CMC-SiO2 hydrogel electrolyte. However, the thesis is culminated with a concise description of future directions for PBAs based advanced sodium ion batteries for solar energy storage towards sustainable developments.
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    Interaction Between Polyelectrolytes and Surface Active Ionic Liquid
    Das, Bijan
    With a view to elucidate the polyelectrolyte-surface active ionic liquid interactions, the present dissertation aims to investigate the influence of polyelectrolytes on the aggregation behaviour of surface active ionic liquids in aqueous solutions using different experimental techniques. For the study, we selected two negatively charged polyelectrolytes - sodium carboxymethylcelulose (NaCMC) and sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS), and two surface active ionic liquids - 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C10MeImCl) and 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C16MeImCl). Four different experimental techniques, namely, conductometric, tensiometric, osmometric and spectrofluorimetric techniques were employed to explore and elucidate the nature of interactions in the investigated polyelectrolyte-surface active ionic liquid solutions. In particular, NaCMC-C10MeImCl, NaCMC-C16MeImCl, NaPSS-C10MeImCl, NaPSS-C16MeImCl mixed solutions were investigated. The measured electrical conductances on aqueous NaCMC and NaPSS have been analyzed using the scaling description for the configuration of a polyion chain. Evaluation of the fractions of free counterions, free energies of counterion-condensation, the ratios of the mobility of the polyion to that of the counterion, the polyion transference numbers, and the coefficients of monomer-solvent friction provided important information as to the counterion-condensation behavior in these solutions. Studies on aqueous NaCMC-C10MeImCl, NaCMC-C16MeImCl, NaPSS-C10MeImCl, NaPSS-C16MeImCl solutions indicated the formation of surface-active complexes consisting of surfactant monomers bound to the polyion backbone, and non-surface active necklace-like polyion-micellar aggregates, and free C10MeImCl and C16MeImCl micelles in these solutions. The alkyl chain length of the surface active ionic liquid molecules investigated has a profound influence on their aggregation behaviour in absence as well as in presence of NaCMC or NaPSS. Micellization of C10MeImCl and C16MeImCl was found to become somewhat less spontaneous upon addition of NaPSS or NaCMC at any given temperature, and that the spontaneity of micellization decreases as the amount of added polyelectrolyte increases. In presence of the polyelectrolytes, however, the micellization becomes more spontaneous upon an elevation of temperature. The bulk structural property of the investigated aqueous polyelectrolyte-surface active ionic liquid solutions was found to be deviated appreciably from that of the pure water, particularly in solutions containing 0.0005 monomol.L-1 of NaCMC or NaPSS. The present work provided important information on the polyelectrolyte-surface active ionic liquid solutions in particular, and polyelectrolyte-surfactant solutions in general.
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    Investigation on the interaction of dietary phenolic acids and their derivatives with biologically significant molecules A multi spectroscopic analysis.
    Bose, Adity
    The Phenolic compounds (PCs) are the well-known plant secondary metabolites gaining popularity due to their diverse biological properties. The goal of the current work is to explore the interaction of two phenolic acids and their derivatives with biological macromolecule (DNA of calf thymus). The diverse biological properties of PCs were also explored in various solvent systems to understand its bioavailability and biological activity in different solvent system. We have also studied the effect of UVB exposure with and without phenolic acids (PAs) in-vitro. The sensing activity of PAs based Ni nanoparticle was also observed and it was found that the nanoparticle successfully sense the permanganate ions in the micromolar range. Finally, the interaction pattern of PAs with beta-casein was observed using various experimental and theoretical tools. The results demonstrated improved bio-efficacy of the PAs in terms of antioxidant activity and aqueous solubility. In conclusion, the clinical efficacy of natural PAs may play an important role in protection against adverse effects related to oxidative damage.
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    Photoluminescence study of the synthesized nanomaterials in presence of macromolecules and heavy metal ions
    Halder, Arnab
    This work illustrates synthesis, structure, band modulation and optical tuning of many kinds of carbon-based nanomaterials. Among the different types of natural and synthesised carbonbased materials, graphene and graphene oxide based nanomaterials, which include graphene oxide, functionalized graphene oxide, graphene oxide quantum dots, graphene quantum dots have wide range of multidimensional applicability in various field of science and technologies. Non emitting behaviour of graphene and very low photoluminescence quantum yield of graphene oxide restrict their utilities in optoelectronics and optical tracking in biology. As a new approach, incorporation of lanthanide metal ion, cerium, in to graphene oxide based nanoparticles becomes successful to increase a 100-fold amplification of photoluminescence intensity is obtained. The origin of this enhancement of GO-Ce nanoparticles is investigated by examining the interactions between cerium ions and GO nanoparticles as well as the structural modification of the GO nanoparticles in presence of cerium. A mechanism that includes energy pumping of cerium by photoexcited GO nanoparticles and photoinduced reduction of non-emissive Ce (IV) to luminous Ce (III) is supported by experimental data. To understand the interactions based on the local environment of the cerium ions, we have explored the effect of aromatic nitro compounds and fluoride ions on the photoluminescence of cerium incorporated GO nanoparticles. Experimental observation on the basis of fluorescence quenching reveals the role of accessibility and local polarity of the excited cerium (III) ions. By incorporating surface functional groups, photoluminescence from graphene oxide (GO), and hydroxyl enriched graphene oxide quantum dots (OH-GO QDs) in the UV-visible range, we have examined the interaction between the graphene oxide layers. The contribution of the visible PL band is noticeably increased along with the decrease in the PL band in the UV region as the concentration of OH-GO QDs in the aqueous medium increases. Hydrogen bonding interaction between the hydroxyl functional groups on the surface of OH-GO QDs favours to form the aggregates exhibiting the PL band in the visible spectrum. In order to investigate the modification of photoluminescence bands caused by the interaction between GO and PANI in GO-PANI nanocomposites at three different pH levels the effect of temperature on the PL of GO-PANI has been examined. Experimental findings indicate the role of temperature on the charge transfer interaction between GO and PANI is prominent at pH 6. We have synthesised graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and studied its photoluminescence properties at three distinct pH. The intensity of the defect-induced luminescence band is found to be significantly influenced by protonation-deprotonation on the nitrogen atoms in graphitic carbon nitride through experimental observation. Finally, we have studied the effect of a co-polymer, Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) on the PL bands of GO. Anchorbuoy type adsorption of PF-127 on the GO sheets significantly modulates the intensity and peak positions of the photoluminescence bands of graphene oxide (GO), in both acidic and alkaline media.
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    Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Organic Framework Based on 3d and 4f Metals
    Biswas, Biplab
    This thesis covers the broader section of the chemistry and the material sciences of our daily needs. The main objective of our work was to design different 3d and 3d-4f hetero bimetallic Metal Organic Framework (MOF) using different clickable Schiff base ligand having N,N,O donor sites. We have further used co-ligand such as azide, thiocyanate, 4-tert-butyl-benzoic acid to increase the nuclearity of the metal complex. Careful design of these complexes has allowed us to isolate these complexes with versatile structural motif and application in the field of data storage, luminescence and sensing. We have explored the sensing study for the detection of the hazardous analytes such as sulfide (S2-) and Ag+ , Cu2+, Fe3+ by Metal Organic Framework. We have also studied the anti-cancer activity towards the breast cancer cells Zn azido and Zn perchloato complex where we have found that a 0.5 mM dose of the Zn-azido and Zn-perchlorato complex could kill the 81% and 72% of the breast cancer cells respectively. However Zn-azido complex affects the normal cell as well although Zn-perchlorato complex does not affect the normal cells. Hence Znperchlorato complex has potential biological activity and may be used for the therapeutic purposes. We have also synthesised 3d-4f metal complexes which could be used as fluorescence biomarker and could be used as data storage. This thesis covers a broader sector of material science in corroboration of biological studies in few cases.
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    Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Grafted Carbon Nano Particles
    Chatterjee, Dhruba Prosad
    The present thesis entitled “Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Grafted Carbon Nano Particles” deals with the synthesis and characterization of controlled and covalently grafted nanostructured carbon material-g-polyaniline nano composites. A thorough analysis of their structure, morphology and electrochemical properties are presented. The work is carried out at the Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073 India, under the supervision of Dr. Dhruba Prosad Chatterjee. The thesis comprises of five chapters. Chapter 1 deals with a brief introduction of carbon nano particles; their classification, synthesis, their composites with different polymers and their application in electronics, biomedical, energy application. Due to their high surface area and porosity, carbon nano materials are capable of showing electrochemical double layer capacitance (EDLC), whereas conducting polymers like polyaniline, polythiophene and polypyrrole show pseudocapacitance. Achieving their best of synergistic effect via covalent bonding hence, improvement in electrochemical properties is the main focus of my research. Chapter 2 describes controlled polymerization of aniline on spherical carbon nano dots (CND) obtained from oxidation followed by size separation from cheap raw material like candle soot, resulting in distinguishable morphology between controlled and uncontrolled product with much improved electrochemical property of the former. Chapter 3 illustrates the synthesis of covalently attached graphene oxide-g-polyaniline nano composites having hierarchical nano structuring of one dimensional (1D) polyaniline nano cylinders over two dimensional (2D) graphene oxide surfaces along with formation of unique microflower or ‘sea urchin’ like highly porous three dimensional (3D) microstructures resulting in superior electrochemical properties than non covalent product. Chapter 4 investigates synthesis of covalently attached GO-g-PANI chiral nanocomposites seeded by oligomeric aniline attached GO sheets, which shows better electrochemical properties compared to non covalently attached composite with much inferior degree of PANI chain chirality. A summary of the research work along with the future prospects obtained from this thesis are presented in Chapter 5.
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    Synthesis, Characterisation of Mixed Metal Oxide Based Inorganic Materials and It’s Application Towards the Removal of Fluoride and Heavy Metals From Contaminated Water
    Palani, Sasikumar
    Among all water contaminants, fluoride and copper contamination in groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities has been identified as one of the biggest issues worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. Mixed metal oxides-based adsorbents, particularly Zr(IV), La(III), Ce(IV), and others, have sparked a lot of attention in recent years due to their high selectivity and affinity for fluoride and copper. Therefore a binary [Cr(III)- Zr(IV)] (CZ) or a ternary mixed metal oxide [Ce(IV)-Zr(IV)-La(III)] (CZL) inorganic adsorbent material and efficiently apply for F - and Cu(II) adsorption from aqueous phases. Further surface modification CZ was performed with chitosan and -cyclodextrin (CB@CZ) for further application to remove Cu(II). The adsorbent CZ's effectiveness was also exploited for practical applications, such as expanding the study's potential applicability for removing F - ions from laboratory and real field contaminated water. The entire work is split into different chapters. The first chapter offers a review of the literature as well as a background analysis of the project. The presence of harmful pollutants such as fluoride and other heavy metal ions in drinking water, as well as their allowed limits, has been extensively discussed. A comparison analysis based on the adsorption capabilities of adsorbents towards various adsorbates, particularly F - and Cu(II), has also been discussed. The description of employed chemicals, solution preparations, materials, adsorbent synthesis, instrumental details (FESEM, TEM, p-XRD, FT-IR, etc.), batch study experimental details, and mathematical model equations that were used to analyze the experimentally obtained data are all included in Chapter 2. The characterization of the binary mixed metal oxide based adsorbent [Cr(III)-Zr(IV)] (CZ) used to remove F - from artificially and naturally contaminated water is covered in Chapter 3. For further use in the removal of heavy metals, particularly Cu(II), surface modification of CZ using chitosan and -cyclodextrin (CB@CZ) is described in Chapter 4. The characterization of the ternary mixed metal oxide [Ce(IV)- Zr(IV)-La(III)] (CZL) and its applications to the removal of F - and Cu(II) from wastewater are both covered in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, the findings are compiled in a table along with a broad conclusion on the work's future potential.
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    Transport properties of artificial micro-swimmers and related non equilibrium phenomenona
    Ghosh, Pulak Kumar
    The present thesis entitled “Transport properties of artificial micro-swimmers and related non equilibrium phenomenona” deals with an important class of artificial micro-swimmers (self-propelled Janus particles) which are capable of autonomous propulsion by extracting energy out of fluctuations. Based on the numerical analytical modeling we address the following issues- 1)dynamics of fast moving particles in the presence of the slower moving one 2) effect of flow field on the diffusion of self-propelled particles 3) diffusion mechanism when transient effects are important, and 4) diffusion in various types of confined structures. The work is carried out at the Department of Chemistry,Presidency University, Kolkata 700073 India, under the supervision of Dr. Pulakkumar Ghosh The present thesis addressed the above mentioned issues based on the simulation of dynamics of Janus particles. The thesis is organized as follows. In Chapter 1, we present the introduction of self-propelled Janus particles and briefly describe significance of our works in the context of previous works in this field as well as applications in nanotechnology and medical sciences. Chapter 2, presents transport properties of Janus particles in a binary mixture of two kinds of swimmers in the under-damped limit. Based on the numerical simulation we show the presence of strong Janus particles considerably improves velocity distribution of weak particles. In the Chapter 3, we show that even in the absence of inertia, motility can transfer from weak to strong particles in the binary mixture. This has been confirmed by studying how effusion of weak particles changes by the presence of passive particles. Chapter 4, presents diffusion of selfpropelled Janus particles in the counter rotating convection rolls. We focus on the large Péclet numbers, i.e., for self-propulsion speeds below a certain depinning threshold and weak rototranslational fluctuations. In this limit the particle undergoes asymptotic normal diffusion with diffusion constant proportional to the square root of its diffusion constant in the absence of flow. We model Chirality effects in the propulsion mechanism assuming a tunable applied torque which induce particle jumping between adjacent convection rolls. The jumping mechanism among adjacent convection rolls can be identified by an excess diffusion peak. In the Chapter 5, we explore interplay between inertial relaxations to the time correlated selfpropelled motion in confined structures. This issue is potentially important as most of the novel nano-technological applications of Janus particles involve diffusion through different types of confined structures v where inertial impact as well as self-propulsion. We address this issue and show that inertial impact is important in the experimentally accessible situations for both selfpropelled and passive particles. In Chapter 6, we present a summary of our works and possible future
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    Tunable Luminescence of Graphene Based Nanomaterials: Role of Surfactants and Macromolecules
    Halder, Arnab
    The present thesis entitled “Tunable Luminescence of Graphene Based Nanomaterials: Role of Surfactants and Macromolecules” addresses the synthesis of graphene based nano materials like graphene oxide (GO), chemically modified graphene oxide (CM-GO), graphene oxide polyaniline (GO-PANI) nanocomposite with tunable photoluminescence nature (PL). The role surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) has been also described to modulate the PL of GO. This thesis comprises of eight chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the general introduction and brief description of the summary of the research work. The motivation, objectives and plan of the present investigation are also stated in this chapter. Chapter 2 deals with the properties and structure of graphene, the different method of synthesis of graphene existing in literature and the literature review on the photoluminescence properties of GO and GO based nanomaterials till 2020. Chapter 3 describes the method of synthesis with the characterization of GO, CM-GO and GO-PANI nano-composite. Chapter 4 discusses the effect of pH on the PL properties of GO-PANI nano-composite. The interaction between polyanilne and GO changes with the change in pH, which strongly affects the PL properties of the GO-PANI nanocomposite. Chapter 5 includes the study of PL of GO in the aqueous medium in the presence of different concentration of surfactants (SDS and CTAB).The mode interaction between GO and surfactant strongly depends on the pH of the medium which modulates the band gap of GO are described in this chapter. Chapter 6 includes the study of PL of GO-PANI in the aqueous medium in the presence of an anionic surfactant (SDS) at both acidic and alkaline medium. The interaction between GO-PANI and SDS is different in different pH, which modulates the PL of the GO-PANI nano-composite material. Chapter 7 describes the PL properties of both GO and CM-GO in aqueous medium with proper explanation of the origin of the luminescence. The modulation of luminescence both GO and CM-GO by changing concentration also described in this chapter. The conclusion of the research work along with the future prospects obtained from this thesis are presented in Chapter 8.