E. Thesis / Dissertations

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    Mapping the India USA Japan Strategic Convergence in the Indo Pacific
    Ghosh, Madhuchanda
    The study has focused on undertaking an in-depth analysis of the trilateral relationship between India, US and Japan that has evolved over the last decade in the backdrop of the shifting geopolitical landscape in the Indo-Pacific region. For this purpose, the study has examined the three states’ foreign policy approaches vis-à-vis the Indo-Pacific region with a focus on their trilateral framework of cooperation. The study investigates how these three democracies which share such core values as respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, respect for a rules-based order, international rules, and norms, have moved closer forging a trilateral relationship and what is the focus of their trilateral cooperation in the region. The study has sought to identify the possible pathways towards building a robust, comprehensive, and sustainable regime of cooperation between the three states. While the changes in their security policies are formed by balancing behavior towards China, the resurgence and collaboration of these three powers reveal an intricate and profound transformation of the regional order.
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    The Naxalite Movement (1967-1972): A Critique from the perspective of Postcolonial Theory
    Ghosh, Madhuchanda
    The Naxalite movement is an important part of the history of modern India in the post Independence era. There are many studies that have attempted to understand the movement from the Marxist or Nationalist theoretical perspectives. However, the Naxalite movement took place in postcolonial India as an aftermath of the semi-feudal and semi-colonial policies of the independent state. The postcolonial perspective and concepts can help in decoding the Naxalite ideology and analysing the Naxalite movement. The present work aims to address the following questions: How to appreciate the Naxalite Movement from the perspective of the Postcolonial theory? How to critique the Naxalite Movement from the perspective of the Postcolonial theory? This would be done by analysing the points of congruency and incongruency between the Naxalite Movement and the Postcolonial theory. The present study observed that there are great similarities between the Naxalite Movement and Postcolonial concepts of unequal power balance between the colonized/rural proletariat and the colonizer/State; resistance and opposition to Eurocentrism/Marxism and colonial modernity/ colonial education; emphasis on revolutionary violence and indigenous and cultural identity; mimicry; and hybridity. Also, the Naxalite movement is incongruent with the principles of the Postcolonial Theory like the Naxalites emphasized on classbased revolutionary violence, subscribed to the Western European principles prevalent in the Eurocentric and official mainstream Marxism, did not consider the specificities of the indigenous, cultural, local, socio-economic and political conditions of India, so the alternative project of radical transformation beyond the traditional and dominant Eurocentric Marxism could not be achieved. The hegemonic discourse of Eurocentric Marxism remained all-pervading, the epistemological power of colonial modernity remained dominant in the thoughts, writings and practices pertaining to the Naxalite movement, experiences of the communists of the People’s Republic of China were replicated, slogans like “China’s Path is our Path and China’s Chairman is our Chairman” were used which shows mimicry and dependence, swaraj in ideas was not achieved and lastly the Naxalites followed and depended on Sinocentrism.
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    Adivasi Jivan Kendrit Hindi Upanyason ka Alochnatmak Adhyayan
    Hansda, Mary
    आदिवासी साहित्य लेखन दो-तीन दशकों से नहीं, बल्कि लगभग सौ-डेढ़ सौ वर्ष पहले से लिखा जा रहा है। आदिवासी चिंतन का मुख्य पहलू प्रकृति की रक्षा और जीव-जगत के अस्तित्व से संबंधित है। अपनी तीव्र इच्छापूर्ति के कारण मनुष्य ने प्रकृति का अत्यधिक दोहन किया। आदिवासी क्षेत्रों में औद्योगीकरण की प्रक्रिया तीव्र हुई जिससे आदिवासी बड़ी मात्रा में विस्थापन के शिकार हुए और उनके साथ रहने वाले पशु-पक्षी, पेड़-पौधे भी उजाड़े गए। वस्तुतः आदिवासी समाज एक ऐसा समाज है जो मात्र मनुष्य समुदाय के बारे में नहीं सोचता है, बल्कि उसके चिंतन में समस्त प्राणी-जगत (जड़-चेतन) विद्यमान है और उन सबको साथ लेकर चलता है। आदिवासी समुदाय सामुदायिकता, समानता, सहभागिता, सहजीविता और सहअस्तित्व पर मजबूती से विश्वास करता है और ये पाँच तत्व उनके लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था के आधारिक स्तम्भ हैं। उनकी स्वतंत्र और स्वशासी लोकतंत्र महज एक व्यवस्था नहीं है, बल्कि एक संस्कृति है। लोकतंत्र की यह संस्कृति भारत के अतिरिक्त विश्व के समस्त आदिवासी समुदायों में देखा जा सकता है जिसकी रक्षा के लिए वे सदियों से संघर्ष कर रहे हैं। यह समस्त संसार प्रकृति द्वारा निर्मित है। प्रकृति के साथ रहकर आदिवासियों ने अनुभव किया कि प्रकृति मनुष्य के बिना जीवित रह सकती है, लेकिन मनुष्य प्रकृति के बिना एक क्षण भी जीवित नहीं रह सकता है। यही कारण है कि आदिवासी जल, जंगल, जमीन से अपना अटूट संबंध मानते हैं और मात्र संबंध नहीं, बल्कि अपना अधिकार मानते हैं। वे आत्मनिर्णय के अधिकारों का दावा करने और अपनी भूमि, संस्कृति तथा पारिस्थितिक तंत्र को बनाए रखने का प्रयास करते हैं जो विश्व के समस्त प्राणी-जगत के लिए अत्यंत आवश्यक है। आदिवासी समुदायों के अधिकारों का सम्मान करना तथा पारंपरिक ज्ञान को केंद्र में रखकर प्रकृति और मनुष्य के बीच संतुलन बनाए रखना आदिवासी साहित्य का उद्देश्य है।
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    Sahitya Hindi Cinema aur Dalit Chetna: ek Adhyayan
    Choubay, Rishi Bhushan
    सिनेमा में दलित चेतना की अभिव्यक्ति अधिक सशक्त रूप में 1990 के बाद दिखाई देती है । मुख्यधारा के सिनेमा में वंचित तबके का दखल और उसकी भूमिका पर बात करें तो प्रभावी अभिव्यक्तियाँ कम भले हों, पर मिलती अवश्य हैं । सिनेमा लोक का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है और हिन्दी सिनेमा में भी अनेक स्थानों पर सभी वर्गों को व्यापक प्रतिनिधित्व मिलने लगा है । हिंदी सिनेमा में आजादी के पहले हाशिये के समाज को लेकर जो फिल्म बनी उसमें ‘अछूत कन्या’ और ‘अछूत’ प्रमुख हैं । इन फिल्मों के बाद आंदोलित करने वाले विषयों पर काफी समय तक कोई फिल्में नहीं बनी । इसके बाद 40 के दशक में अधिकांश फ़िल्में देशभक्ति, चरित्र आख्यान और मनोरंजन पर ही केन्द्रित रही । एक लम्बे अन्तराल के बाद विमल राय ने ‘सुजाता’(1959) फिल्म बनाई । कुछ प्रमुख दलित फिल्मों को देखें तो- ‘परख’(1960), ‘अंकुर’(1974), ‘मंथन’(1976), ‘दामुल’(1985), ‘भीम गर्जना’(1990) आदि फिल्मों का निर्माण हुआ । इनमें से ज्यादातर फ़िल्में दलितों की व्यथा को ही व्यक्त करती हैं, जिसमें दलितों को असहाय निरक्षर, शोषित, पीड़ित, लाचार दिखाया गया है । लेकिन अब स्थिति कुछ बदल चुकी है । आठवें –नौवें दशक में प्रकाश झा, गोबिंद निहलानी, सईं परांजपे, जब्बर पटेल, कुंदन शाह जैसे फ़िल्मकार सामने आते हैं । इन फिल्मकारों ने अपनी फिल्मों में दलित जीवन को बड़ी ही संजीदगी के साथ परदें पर दिखाया । प्रकाश झा ने ‘दामुल’ और ‘आरक्षण’ जैसी फ़िल्में बनाई जिनमे दलित जीवन सशक्त रूप में मुखर हुआ है । बीसवीं शताब्दी की कुछ बेहतरीन फिल्मों की बात की जाए तो जिसमें बहिष्कृत, शोषित, उपेक्षित हाशिये की समाज को गहन संवेदना और कलात्मकता के साथ चित्रित किया है, उनमें ‘सद्गति’, ‘तर्पण’, ‘बवंडर’, ‘शुद्रा- द राइजिंग’ प्रमुख हैं । इन फिल्मों में दलित समस्या को प्रमुखता से जगह दी गई है । जाति के कारण उत्पीड़ित स्त्री की महागाथा के रूप में फूलन देवी की जिन्दगी पर शेखर कपूर ने ‘बैंडिट क्वीन’ फिल्म बनाई । यह एक क्लासिक फिल्म मानी जाती है । गाँव की जाति प्रधान व्यवस्था स्त्री की उत्पीड़न को मूकदर्शक बनकर देखती है और एक दिन स्त्री को हथियार उठाने के लिए विवश कर देती है । इक्कीसवी शताब्दी में सिने तकनीक में क्रान्तिकारी बदलाव तो हुआ ही साथ ही फिल्म निर्माण के क्षेत्र में वित्तीय व्यवस्था के कई स्त्रोत खुल गए, जिससे नए फिल्मकारों को सामने आने का मौका मिला । अब कम बजट में भी बेहतरीन फ़िल्में बनती है और उन विषयों पर भी जिन पर पहले सोचा भी नहीं जा सकता था । जैसे मराठी में ‘फेंड्री’(2013) और ‘सैराट’(2016) हिंदी में विधु विनोद चोपडा की ‘एकलव्य’(2007), ‘चौरंगा’(2014), नीरज घेयवान की ‘मसान’(2015), आर्टिकल 15(2019) आदि अनेक फ़िल्में हैं, जो जातिगत भेदभाव और ऊँच-नीच के सामाजिक संघर्ष को पूरी कलात्मकता के साथ दिखाता है ।
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    Sisirkumar Daser Moulik Bangla Sahitye Pratifalita Darshan O Manan
    Ahamed, Mostak
    শিশিরকুমার দাশের সর্বভারতীয় মান্যতা বৈদগ্ধ্যপূর্ণ পাণ্ডিত্যের কারণে হলেও সৃজনশীল সাহিত্যেও তিনি সমান পারদর্শী। বাংলা সাহিত্যের এমন কোনো শাখা নেই যার অলিন্দে তিনি স্বচ্ছন্দ পদচারণা করেননি। তাঁর হাত ধরে বাংলা সাহিত্যে সংযোজিত হয়েছে বহু অতুলনীয় সম্পদ। তা সত্ত্বেও তাঁর সৃজনশীল সাহিত্যগুলি আজও অনালোচিত, অচর্চিত। এমন একজন প্রতিভাবান মানুষের সমগ্র সৃষ্টি বিস্মৃতির অন্তরালে থেকে যাওয়া তাঁর ওপর যেমন অবিচার, পাশাপাশি অবিচার বাংলা সাহিত্যের প্রতি। তাই বিস্মৃতির অন্তরালে থাকা শিশিরকুমার দাশকে নতুন করে আবিষ্কার ও সাহিত্য সমাজের কাছে উপস্থাপন করার লক্ষ্যে তাঁর বৈচিত্র্যপূর্ণ সৃজনশীল কর্মকাণ্ডের কাছে এই হাঁটুমুড়ে বসা। গবেষণা-সন্দর্ভটি ভূমিকা ও উপসংহার ব্যতিরেকে পাঁচটি অধ্যায়ে বিন্যস্ত। এছাড়া রয়েছে তিনটি পরিশিষ্ট অংশ। প্রথম অধ্যায়-এর শিরোনাম ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের কবিতা: দর্শনগত প্রজ্ঞার প্রকাশ’। চারটি কাব্যগ্রন্থ ও বিভিন্ন অগ্রন্থিত কবিতায় সময়ের সঙ্গে পর্যায়ক্রমিকভাবে কবির কাব্যদর্শনের বিস্তর বাঁকবদল ঘটেছে। ফলে বদলে গেছে কবিতার ভাব, ভাষা ও নিহিত আত্মদর্শন। এই অধ্যায়ে তাঁর কবিতার এই বাঁকবদলের চিত্রই তুলে ধরা হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় অধ্যায়-এর বিষয় ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের নাটক: চেতনা ও প্রজ্ঞার দার্শনিক উদ্ভাসন’। দীর্ঘ পাঁচ দশক ধরে বিভিন্ন বিষয়কে কেন্দ্র করে সমৃদ্ধ হয়েছে তাঁর নাট্যসাহিত্য। এই অধ্যায়ে মোট বিয়াল্লিশটি মৌলিক বাংলা নাটকের সংক্ষিপ্ত বিশ্লেষণ করে নাটকগুলিতে শিশিরকুমার দাশের যে দর্শনের প্রকাশ ঘটেছে তা তুলে আনা হয়েছে। তৃতীয় অধ্যায়-এর আলোচনা এগিয়েছে শিশিরকুমার দাশের তেরোটি বাংলা প্রবন্ধগ্রন্থ ও প্রায় শতাধিক অগ্রন্থিত প্রবন্ধগুলিকে কেন্দ্র করে। শিরোনাম ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের প্রবন্ধ: বোধিচর্চার বহুমাত্রা’। চতুর্থ অধ্যায়-এর কেন্দ্রবিন্দু ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের কথাসাহিত্য ও অন্যান্য আখ্যানধর্মী রচনা: সময়, সমাজ ও দর্শন’। এই অধ্যায়ে তাঁর দু-টি উপন্যাস, আটচল্লিশটি ছোটোগল্প, একটি আখ্যানগ্রন্থ, মুক্ত গদ্য ও ছদ্মনামে রচিত কিছু ব্যঙ্গাত্মক রচনা ঘিরে তাঁর সমাজ বিষয়ক ভাবনার সন্ধান করা হয়েছে। পঞ্চম অধ্যায়-এর ভাবনা বিস্তারলাভ করেছে শিশু-কিশোরকেন্দ্রিক ছড়া, উপন্যাস, নাটক ইত্যাদি সাহিত্যগুলিকে কেন্দ্র করে। শিরোনাম ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের শিশু-কিশোর সাহিত্য: শিশু-কিশোর মনের বিচিত্র অবলোকন’। শিশিরকুমার দাশের সৃষ্টির সার্বিক মূল্যায়নের লক্ষ্যে পরিশিষ্ট ১ ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের অনুবাদ: সীমা ও সম্ভাবনা (নির্বাচিত গ্রন্থ অবলম্বনে)’ অংশে তাঁর অনুবাদ গ্রন্থগুলি নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। পরিশিষ্ট ২ অংশের ভাবনা— যৌথভাবে রচিত ‘শাশ্বত মৌচাক: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও স্পেন’ এবং ‘বিতর্কিত অতিথি: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও চীন’ গ্রন্থ দুটি। শিরোনাম ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের ভাবনায় রবীন্দ্রনাথ: বিশ্বের দরবারে অভ্যর্থনা ও প্রত্যাখ্যান’। পরিশিষ্ট ৩ অংশে আছে শিশিরকুমার দাশের একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ জীবনপঞ্জি। এই পরিসরের শিরোনাম ‘শিশিরকুমার দাশের জীবন: কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য তথ্য’।
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    Comprehensive morphological and molecular analyses of flowering events in Bambusa tulda
    Das, Malay
    Flowering is one of the most important adaptations in the history of plant evolution. Our current understanding of flowering and the genes involved in the regulation of flowering time are based on the studies conducted on the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Since both these plants are annual and herbaceous, it is unlikely that the information obtained from these studies can directly be translated to explain the unusually extended flowering time in bamboo. The ecological impacts caused due to bamboo flowering are known for decades, but our knowledge about flower development and also the genes controlling such unique flowering behaviour is very inadequate in bamboo. a major objective of this study was to understand the detailed reproductive features of B. tulda Roxb. by studying the morphological (inflorescence, flower and pollen), histological (inflorescence) and biochemical (pollen viability) analyses. This study observed that protrandry, limited pollen liberation, low pollen viability and low seed setting are prevalent in B. tulda. Another major objective of this study was to characterize important flower induction and pathway integrator genes in order to understand their role in flower induction in tropical bamboos. Four copies of FLOWERING LOCUS T (BtFT1, BtFT2, BtFT3 and BtFT4) and two copies of FD (BtFD1, BtFD2) genes were identified and their tissue-specific as well as diurnal gene expression analyses revealed possible functional divergence among the closely related homologs. Taken together, this study indicates that copy number expansion and expression divergence may lead to new regulation of flowering gene functions in bamboo.
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    Stratigraphy and Nature of uranium mineralization from Precambrian Basement Granitoid -Srisailam Formation contact around Chitrial area, Cuddapah Basin, Telangana
    Ghosh, Gautam; Bose, Sankar
    The biotite rich granitoid rocks exposed around Chitrial village varies in character from a porphyritic to massive granite to gneiss or mylonite with characteristic foliations defined by alternate quartzo-feldspathic and biotite rich layers in the latter units. It is intruded by ca. 1.9-1.8 Ga age mafic dyke sets and is overlain by Mesoproterozoic Srisailam Formation rocks of the Cuddapah Supergroup represented by an arenaceous gritty or pebbly sandstone interspersed with thin shale and siltstone horizons. The granitoid locally becomes uranium-rich near its contact with the overlying Srisailam Formation rocks. The present work encompasses stratigraphic, petrological, geochemical and geochronological analyses of the granitoids and accompanying supracrustals with special emphasis on nature and localization of uranium mineralization. Major element geochemical data characterize the granitoid rocks as monzogranites and alkali feldspar granite and the cover rocks as quartz arenites. The trace and rare earth element data were used to identify the protolith history of the granitoid rocks as well as about the nature of provenance of the cover sediments. The geochemical data further provide clues regarding probable tectonic and geodynamic setting of these rocks. A marked enrichment in U, Th and REE (particularly LREE) content of the granitoids has been noted. The overall REE pattern suggests a similar source for all the granitoid types. Several tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest a volcanic arc tectonic setting for these rocks. The recycled mature quartzose cover rocks show distinctly similar geochemical characteristics as the granitoids suggesting a granitoid/felsic source of mature continental provenance. REE patterns of the basement granite and the cover sandstone show similar variation which represents that the derivation of the sediments could be from the underlying basement granite. Recent exploration programme by Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER) has led to the discovery of a number of potential radioactive mineralized zones in the northwestern part of the Cuddapah basin such as around the Chitrial area. Uranium bearing minerals are intimately associated with sulphide rich minerals within the basement granitoids of the area. There is ample evidence of hydrothermal activity straddling across the unconformity surface which includes- (1) development of fracture filling veins of various dimensions comprising quartz, quartz-epidote, quartz-chlorite or pyrite, (2) hydrothermal alteration of granitoids adjacent to these veins resulting in chloritization and sericitization and (3) epigenetic uranium mineralization in micro-fractures and inter-granular spaces within granitoids. Evidence of uranium mineralization within the cover rocks is comparatively less. In the uraniferous zones in granitoid and overlying quartzite, pitchblende and coffinite are the main uranium phases occurring in micro-fractures and inter-granular spaces of host rock, often in association with pyrite. Depending upon micro-textural data, the paragenetic history of the mineralization has been divided into seven stages in the present study. U-Pb zircon radiometric dating of the basement granitoids reveals that the main tectonothermal event took place in Chitrial area between ca. 2535 Ma and 2519 Ma. Granitoid samples including the grey massive variety, pink granite, granite gneiss, foliated granite and alkali feldspar granite show emplacement ages of 2525±20 Ma, 2519±12 Ma, 2524±18 Ma, 2514±22 Ma and 2524±20 Ma respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that major tectonothermal event affected these rocks of the study area around 2535 to 2514 Ma. Probability density plot of weighted mean ages for the sample CT206 (granite gneiss) shows a strong peak at ca. 2465 Ma while the sample CT207 (foliated granite) shows another strong peak at ca. 2455 Ma which may be related to a second phase of tectonothermal event. U-Pb zircon detrital age of the cover rocks of the Chitrial area gives major cluster ages at ca. 2468 and 2488 Ma that may be correlated with this second tectonothermal event. From these rocks, diagnostic detrital zircons show age peaks at ca. 2520 Ma, 3000 Ma and 3200 Ma, which correspond to the established emplacement ages of the basement granitoid plutons in the Eastern Dharwar Craton. Younger dates are discordant with a lower intercept ages of near 200 Ma in the Wetherill concordia. Older zircon cores with spot data ranging from 2636±28 Ma to 3200±7 Ma are interpreted as grains inherited from the crustal source region or from the wall-rock of the granite intrusion. From the detrital zircon data, it can be inferred that source of the sediments is proximal. EPMA chemical dates of uraninites from the drill core sample 226B shows that the area underwent several episodes of hydrothermal activity, which have left their imprints on the isotope systematics of uraninite. Thus the younger ages furnished by U-Pb zircon radiometric dating of uranium rich in-situ zircon grains of the granite drill core sample (289Av) shows a group age of 172 Ma, possibly related to the much younger tectonothermal event. From this study, it is concluded that the Chitrial granitoids are ‘S’ type in character and formed by intracrustal melting of the deeply buried clastic sediments and subsequent incubational heating. It also implies crustal recycling could be the likely mechanism for granite magmatism during ca. 2535-2514 Ma. Uranium mineralization in the granite was influenced by increased fracture volume in the rocks and was controlled by oxygen fugacity in the ore-bearing hydrothermal fluid. This mineralization is related with the later stage fracture reactivation of the Eastern Dharwar Craton during a major younger tectonic activity.
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    Petrology of Mafic Ultramafic Rocks around Bangriposi and Kuliana Orissa Eastern India Implications for Paleotectonic setting
    Ray, Arijit
    The eastern margin of the Paleoarchean Singhbhum Craton of eastern Indian hosts a number of mafic-ultramafic rock suites. Among them, this research work has been focused on a unique group of mafic-ultramafic rocks, found within polydeformed, metasedimentary North Singhbhum Mobile Belt assemblage, in proximity of the Bangriposi Shear Zone. Two dismembered rock units has been identified in the area of study- (i) a layered gabbroic body near the town of Kuliana (Orissa state), and (ii) a serpentinized wehrlite body near the town of Bangriposi (Orissa state). The gabbroic rocks are found within multiply deformed and folded Banded Magnetite Quartzite rocks, and the N-S trending, elongated wehrlite body is found within high-grade (Kyanite±Staurolite±Chloritoid bearing) schistose rocks. No evidence of emplacement in a liquid state (contact metamorphism, country rock xenoliths, apophytic tongues, chilled margins, feeder dykes etc.) has been found in either of the rock units. The gabbro unit of Kuliana shows excellent mineral laminations in the field and its modal layering is defined by variable abundance of plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. Crystal Size Distribution analysis of plagioclase grains has identified the involvement of textural coarsening mechanism in textural evolution of these rocks. Their crystallization history was controlled by the transitional interplay between adcumulus growth and textural coarsening mechanism. The internal differentiation and chemical evolution was punctuated by an event of magma chamber replenishment. The wehrlite rocks of Bangriposi contain serpentinized olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, Cr-spinel, phlogopite, apatite and numerous accessory minerals formed during serpentinization. Their petrographical and mineralogical characteristics indicate a deeper level metasomatic episode, apart from the shallow level serpentinization event. Reaction textures defined by secondary clinopyroxene, phlogopite, orthopyroxene and occurrence of secondary apatite constitute modal metasomatic effects, whereas elevated LREE contents in whole rocks and clinopyroxene REE patterns constitute the effects of cryptic metasomatism. The gabbroic rocks, representing a fragment of the original static magma chamber in which they formed, display affinities towards gabbroic rocks from oceanic crustal magma chambers in terms of major, trace and clinopyroxene chemistry. Trace elemental composition of melts in equilibrium with these gabbroic rocks were modelled using the Equilibrium Distribution Method. These calculated equilibrium melts have enriched MORB characteristics and the residual melts of the gabbroic rocks share similarities with volcanic rocks from Supra Subduction Zone ophiolites. Their pressure-temperature calculation has yielded conditions of approximately 990 °C and 1.3 GPa. The detailed mineralogical and geochemical study of the wehrlite rocks has revealed a complex picture of the deeper level metasomatic episode and identified the possible infiltrating melt as an alkali- carbonatite. Relict clinopyroxene grains (Cr-diopside) from these rocks show affinities towards mantle clinopyroxenes in terms of mineral chemistry. These grains also yield ~ 1100 °C as the lower limit of temperature, and ~ 3.5 GPa as the upper limits of pressure. Protolith reconstruction of the wehrlite rocks shows that prior to the deeper level metasomatic episode, the original lithology was possibly a depleted MORB type mantle unit. Finally, to establish the genetic link between these individual dismembered mafic ultramafic units a two-stage petrological modelling involving selected immobile elements has been implemented. The results show that ~ 35% partial melting of the wehrlite rocks produced basaltic melts, which subsequently underwent ~ 30% fractionation of early formed olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and spinel to generate melts which are compositionally identical to the equilibrium melts of the layered gabbroic rocks. The major implication of this inference is that the gabbro and wehrlite rocks are co-genetic and they represent fragments of the central part and the underlying lithospheric mantle of the original oceanic magma chamber respectively. These oceanic crustal and mantle fragments found within mobile belt assemblage near a high-strain zone in the eastern margin of Singhbhum Craton, serve as evidence for a tectonic event involving closure of an ocean basin. It is hoped that with further isotopic and geochronological studies, more details of this event can be obtained and regional and global implications explored.
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    Many-body physics of interacting bosons in optical lattice
    Chakrabarti, Barnali
    This thesis addresses the many-body physics of ultra-cold bosons loaded in optical lattices. Ultracold atoms in an external trap has received most attention from both experimental and theoretical research as it is considered as the ideal testbed to study the rich many-body physics. The existing mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii method is inadequate to probe the highly correlated and strongly interacting atoms in optical lattice. To solve the many-body Schrödinger equation, we use multi configurational time-dependent Harte method for bosons (MCTDHB) which is an ab-initio many-body calculation. This thesis can be divided into three different parts. A quick overview of optical lattices is provided in the first section. In addition, the formulation of the MCTDHB method is explained in detail. The next section of the thesis comprises time-independent many-body calculations of bosons in an optical lattice. Bosons exhibit distinct phases in an optical lattice. Because of quantum fluctuations, quantum phase transitions can occur even at absolute zero. We have characterized those phases utilizing Shannon information entropy and Glauber normalized correlation measures. The time-dependent many-body theory is the subject of the last part of the thesis. MCTDHB is an efficient theoretical tool to study the dynamical evolution of the interacting bosons in the optical lattice. Here we utilize MCTDHB to study the quench dynamics and to address whether thermalization and statistical relaxation is ubiquitous in nature. To study the time dynamics, we have quenched the system by manipulating the interaction strength or the lattice depth and studied different dynamical measures. Bosons tunnelling in a double well potential are also discussed in this thesis. Self-trapping is seen at a moderate interaction regime, whereas Josephson oscillation is observed at non-interacting limit. Furthermore, in the strong-interaction regime, we found a unique phase of tunneling dynamics which was not observed in the mean-field scenario. Additionally, we have addressed the path from the SF phase to the MI phase by directly monitoring the change in order, disorder, and complexity of the system. We demonstrated that complexity is a more comprehensive measure that may be used as a ‘figure of merit’ to accurately estimate the time-scale during time dynamics.
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    When marriage ends: Determinants and consequences of union dissolution in India
    Dutta, Mousumi; Husain, Zakir
    The thesis seeks to investigate the incidence and determinants of union dissolution, and its effect on the empowerment of women. The study addresses the following questions: 1. What are the incidence and trends of union dissolution in India? 2. What are the determinants of union dissolution and remarriage in India? 3. Does the marital status of woman impact participation in SHGs? 4. Does the empowering effect of SHG depend upon the marital status of woman? The thesis uses information from the Social & Cultural tables (C-series) from the Census for the year 1991, 2001 & 2011 and data from the fifth round of National Family Health Survey. Union dissolution has been consistently increasing over the years from 1991 to 2011. Dissolution rates have been higher in rural India compared to urban India for the years 1991 and 2001. Over the years, separation has been the dominant form of dissolution. The present study reveals that women who are already socio-economically vulnerable are at greater risk of facing union dissolution. Remarriage, however, does not appear to be related with socio- economic status and may be considered to be a personal choice and immediate situation, rather than being a socially driven phenomenon. The study stresses on the need to provide legal protection to women being abandoned and divorced, and introducing measures to ensure their socio-economic welfare. However, the present study warns that access to microcredit and its use may be mediated by family members, particularly husbands who may exploit structural vulnerabilities faced by women to use their labor for debt repayment. Consequently, it is necessary to recognize the heterogeneity in position of women in society and recognize the diversity in limitations on access to microcredit and opportunities for utilizing them. We call for a more nuanced understanding of the issues underlying gender inequality to arrive at suitable policy responses that effectively increases empowerment level and the capability set of divorced and separated women through programs less amenable to capture by dominant agents within the immediate environment of women.
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    Studies on Ecology of Soft-Bottom Meiobenthic Community from Sundarban Estuarine System, West Bengal, India
    Mandal, Sumit
    Structure of meiobenthic assemblage was assessed for the first time from world’s largest mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans, focusing on free living nematode species composition (~ 90% of the total population). The present research revealed the deleterious effect of excessive monsoonal rain on meiobenthos as well as free-living nematode assemblages. Abundance of meiobenthos declined from early monsoon to later period of monsoon due to massive riverine runoff followed by cloudburst phenomenon that completely flushed the estuary. Significant temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of meiobenthos and nematode species composition was also described in relation with environmental variables. Distinct seasonal fluctuation of meiobenthos was prominent due to seasonal changes in sedimentary environment. Nematodes dominated the meiobenthic assemblages, ranking harpacticoid copepod in the second position. Altogether, 79 species of free-living nematode had been identified for the first time and nematode assemblage was dominated by Sabatieria preadatrix, Sphaerolaimus bulticus, Desmodora communis, Dorylaimopsis punctata and Daptonema hirsutum. Biological trait approach of nematode assemblages was applied to investigate the ecological functioning based on morphological and ecological characteristics, which added relevant information regarding relationships between species diversity and the abiotic environment. Furthermore, present study conducted a pioneering survey regarding vertical stratification of meiobenthic assemblages in different mangrove vegetation with nematofaunal species level information. This study clearly depicted that more than 90% of faunal populations was concentrated within upper 3-4 cm of sediment, though they were present up to 15 cm of depth. Furthermore, combined effect of climate change mediated elevated temperature and petroleum pollution on meiobenthic organisms were also investigated through a benthocosm experiment. The present research highlighted harmful effects of these stressors on meiobenthic species composition and abundance. Present observation would be a maiden footstep to understand the resilience of meiobenthic organisms to predicted climate change scenarios. Altogether the present thesis provided blended information about the succession pattern of meiobenthic community structure along with environmental parameters and illustrated the detrimental effect of climate change and anthropogenic perturbation on meiobenthos from Sundarbans. This overview represents a first step to implement a baseline data that could help identifying information gaps and directing future research priorities simultaneously.
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    Hindi ki Streeaatmakathayen Asmita Vimarsh
    Choubay, Rishi Bhushan
    शोध प्रबंध “हिन्दी की स्त्री आत्मकथाएँ : अस्मिता विमर्श” विषय पर तैयार किया गया है। इसमें अस्मिता विमर्श की दृष्टि से मन्नू भण्डारी, प्रभा खेतान, मैत्रेयी पुष्पा, रमणिका गुप्ता, अमृता प्रीतम, कौशल्या बैसंत्री, सुशीला टाकभौरें, बेबी कांबले तथा उर्मिला पवार की आत्मकथाओं को केंद्र में रखकर, अस्मिता विमर्श के विभिन्न पक्षों पर शोधपरक अध्ययन-विश्लेषण किया गया है। विमर्श के विभिन्न पक्षों को नवीन दृष्टि से देखते हुए, चयनित स्त्री आत्मकथाओं को दलित एवं गैर-दलित लेखिकाओं की कोटि में रखकर इनके बीच समानता और अंतर के बिंदुओं को रेखांकित करने की कोशिश हुई है। “हिन्दी की स्त्री आत्मकथाएँ : अस्मिता विमर्श” शीर्षक शोध में चयनित स्त्री आत्मकथाओं के गहन अध्ययन एवं विश्लेषण से कुछ महत्वपूर्ण निष्कर्ष सामने आए हैं। इनमें मुख्य हैं – क) आत्मकथा विधा के रूप में समकालीन स्त्री जीवन और स्त्री अभिव्यक्ति को समझने के लिहाज़ से सर्वाधिक उपर्युक्त विधा है। ख) अस्मिता विमर्श से जुड़ी चिंताओं व मुद्दों को संदर्भित स्त्री आत्मकथाकारों ने अपने कड़वे व तीखे अनुभवों के साथ सधी भाषा-शैली में अभिव्यक्त किया है। ग) दलित और गैरदलित कोटियों में विभाजित करके देखने से स्पष्ट हुआ है कि दोनों वर्गों की स्त्रियाँ कुछ संदर्भों में समान रूप से वंचना, अपमान व शोषण की शिकार हुई हैं तो कुछ संदर्भों में शोषण व पीड़ा जातिगत भिन्नताओं की वजह से अलग क़िस्म की रही है। घ) संपूर्णता में स्त्री स्वाधीनता के प्रश्न पहले की अपेक्षा अधिक मुखरता और स्पष्टता के साथ लेखन में दर्ज़ हुए हैं। च) स्त्री जीवन के सपने व उनके संघर्ष पुरुष जीवन के सपनों और संघर्षों से अलग होते हुए भी मनुष्य के धरातल पर साझा हो जाते हैं। अंत में यह बताने की कोशिश की गई है कि बदलते समय के साथ स्त्री केवल किसी की माँ, पत्नी, और बेटी बनकर नहीं रहना चाहती बल्कि अपनी अलग पहचान भी चाहती हैं। स्त्री लेखिकाएँ यह भी बताना चाहती हैं कि केवल आर्थिक रूप से मुक्त होने पर ही स्त्री मुक्त नहीं होंगी बल्कि इसके लिए वैचारिक स्तर पर भी सचेत होना आवश्यक है। प्रस्तुत शोध रुढ़िगत विचारों को छोड़कर स्त्रियों के महत्त्व को स्वीकार करने हेतु अपील करती है।
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    Study of Electronic Structure, Optical and Magnetic Response of Disordered Solids
    Nayak, Arabinda
    My Ph.D program includes the theoretical studies of the electronic structure, optical and magnetic response of ordered compounds and disordered alloys. We have studied the optical conductivity and dielectric response of disordered, bulk NixPt1−x alloys and disordered, two dimensional SixC1−x. This study is based on the density functional theory (DFT) approximation and the tight binding linear muffin tin orbitals (TB-LMTO) method. Disorder is taken into account by the “Augmented Space Formalism” which allows us to accurately estimate the effect of disorder both homogeneous disorder as well as inhomogeneous disorder related to short-ranged ordering, clustering and segregation. This can be done both in bulk, surfaces and interfaces. We have overcome the defeciency of the local density approximation (LDA) and incorporated the vLB-corrected exchange correlations. Our estimation reasonably, successfully agrees with the initial experimental observations. This encourages me to go forward in this area. The proposed formalism opens up a facile way to band-gap engineer material for optoelectronic application. In parallel, we have generated the electronic structure of disordered Graphene and Graphinic materials with random vacancies and random doping have also been investigated. We have shown how the topology of the Dirac dispersion changes with disorder. We have studied disorder induced lifetime effects in 2D materials. Our study will provide a reference and detailed useful insight for building interesting nano materials. Specifically, I have worked on the magnetization dynamics and excitation spectra of disordered binary FexCo1−x alloys. We have studied the magnon softening for chemically disordered Fe20Co80 alloys in the linear spin wave regime. Our proposed formalism on magnetic response can be extended to study the spin transport, magnetic properties, excitation spectra and spin dynamics of real complex materials, ferromagnetic semiconductors and Heisenberg spin chains in disordered alloys. In this thesis, we have not only been able to study the electronic structure and response function of a few disordered systems but also successfully analyzed and interpreted the experimental results based on our theories.
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    Tunable Luminescence of Graphene Based Nanomaterials: Role of Surfactants and Macromolecules
    Halder, Arnab
    The present thesis entitled “Tunable Luminescence of Graphene Based Nanomaterials: Role of Surfactants and Macromolecules” addresses the synthesis of graphene based nano materials like graphene oxide (GO), chemically modified graphene oxide (CM-GO), graphene oxide polyaniline (GO-PANI) nanocomposite with tunable photoluminescence nature (PL). The role surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) has been also described to modulate the PL of GO. This thesis comprises of eight chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the general introduction and brief description of the summary of the research work. The motivation, objectives and plan of the present investigation are also stated in this chapter. Chapter 2 deals with the properties and structure of graphene, the different method of synthesis of graphene existing in literature and the literature review on the photoluminescence properties of GO and GO based nanomaterials till 2020. Chapter 3 describes the method of synthesis with the characterization of GO, CM-GO and GO-PANI nano-composite. Chapter 4 discusses the effect of pH on the PL properties of GO-PANI nano-composite. The interaction between polyanilne and GO changes with the change in pH, which strongly affects the PL properties of the GO-PANI nanocomposite. Chapter 5 includes the study of PL of GO in the aqueous medium in the presence of different concentration of surfactants (SDS and CTAB).The mode interaction between GO and surfactant strongly depends on the pH of the medium which modulates the band gap of GO are described in this chapter. Chapter 6 includes the study of PL of GO-PANI in the aqueous medium in the presence of an anionic surfactant (SDS) at both acidic and alkaline medium. The interaction between GO-PANI and SDS is different in different pH, which modulates the PL of the GO-PANI nano-composite material. Chapter 7 describes the PL properties of both GO and CM-GO in aqueous medium with proper explanation of the origin of the luminescence. The modulation of luminescence both GO and CM-GO by changing concentration also described in this chapter. The conclusion of the research work along with the future prospects obtained from this thesis are presented in Chapter 8.
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    Agro-Economic Viability of Betel Leaf Industry - A Case Study in Tamluk Sub-Division of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal
    Patel, Priyank Pravin
    The livelihoods of small/marginal farmers are most at risk to changing agro-climatic and agro-economic situations, especially those who cultivate high-value cash crops, which are dependent on its cultivation, marketing, continued demand and robustness of the supply chain. A systematic analysis of these aspects is thus crucial for maintaining the viability of a crop's agribusiness so that it may sustain its various stakeholders. This thesis examines the viability of the betel leaf agribusiness in Tamluk Sub-division of Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal, which is a prime centre of this crop in the country. Several statistical and econometric methods, along with geospatial techniques, have been used to fulfil the stated objectives. Results reveal that the marketing channels of this crop have changed over time, with several intermediaries now being engaged in its trading, which lessens profit margins for farmers. In all, six marketing channels were identified through which the betel leaf ultimately reaches the consumer, among which, farmers are unable to follow the most profitable one for them due to present market norms. Land and betel leaf farm (Boroj) site suitability analysis revealed the aptness or otherwise of present-day farm locations and helped identify those places where this crop's acreage can feasibly be expanded into, if farm credit and irrigation facilities are available. Economic analysis via computation of the Benefit-Cost Ratio and Net Present Value showed that betel leaf cultivation is still viable for most leaf types and sizes, except for those who cultivate small-sized Bangla leaves. Though farmers incur losses in the first year of Boroj establishment and planting of the leaf, their profit margins increase thereafter, providing them earnings till the tenth year, which is the usual lifespan of a new vine. The Mitha leaf variety is the most profitable among all leaf types, though rising input costs can lessen earnings, while Monte Carlo simulation revealed that even the cultivation of medium-sized Bangla leaf is viable. Reframing of market norms, easing the availability of credit facilities and betel leaf specific crop insurance are sorely required to assuage the effects of periodic natural hazards, with meagre government support available presently. Keywords: Betel leaf agribusiness; Supply chain; Marketing and demand; Land suitability; Market hinterland; Econometric analysis; Cultivation constraints.
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    Study of Geomorphic Features of Noachis Terra, Mars: An Insight to Martian Tectonic Processes
    Dasgupta, Nilanjan
    Early cessation of Mars’ internal dynamo has resulted in excellent preservation of geological and geomorphological structures on its surface through time, unlike Earth where almost all the tectonic and geomorphic signatures of antiquities have been destroyed and re-organized. The present study area, Noachis Terra, in the southern highlands of Mars, is one such terrain, where the morphotectonic structures are found to be fossilized within the rocks of all timeframe. These morphotectonic features are the key to the understanding of the palaeo-tectonism and hence are the primary objects of investigations of the present study. This research identifies these features and characterizes each of these in detail. The study presents a detailed morphotectonic map of Noachis Terra in a scale of 1:12,000,000, which was unavailable till date. The entire area was subdivided into four different tectonic domains, each of which was found to have unique tectonic characteristics. These four domains were explored in detail and mapped in the scale of 1:2,500,000 to 1:5,000,000 in this study. The tectonic evolution of the four tectonic domains has been described in this study with the aid of these maps. The control of both emergent and non-emergent tectonic structures on the courses of the Martian channels observed in Domain III and IV of the study area have been statistically tested by cross-correlation methods. Palaeostress analyses done from the orientations of the tectonic structures mapped clearly shows the nature of the shift of the principal stress directions both spatially and temporally in the Noachis Terra. This is significant as it hints to the changing nature of local stress fields vis-à-vis the global stress field of Martian crust. The present study also elaborates on the chronology of the structures, seen in the area, with special emphasis on Domains III and IV. Wrinkle ridges of the western part of Noachis Terra (Domain I) were formed during the early Noachian time under the influence of Tharsis volcano-tectonic province. Large scale grabens in the eastern part of Noachis Terra (Domain II) were formed due to lithospheric stretching related to isostatic adjustment of the Hellas basin during the late Noachian time. The present study reports a set of fossae from the central part of Noachis terra (Domain IV), which was formed in late Noachian time (~3.79 Ga), after the formation of grabens in Domain II. The fossae, identified in the north-western part of the Noachis Terra (Domain III), formed in early Hesperian (~3.69 Ga), are thought to be associated with the Valles Marineris formation. It, therefore, appears that Noachis Terra is a heterogeneous terrain with diverse history of tectonic evolution; the nature of tectonism quite dissimilar to the present day plate tectonism operative on earth.
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    Quantification of oxidative stress and physiological parameters due to schoolbag carriage in normal, overweight/obese male schoolchildren of West Bengal
    Mukhopadhyay, Aparna
    Background: The physical activity of schoolbag carriage is a form of mandatory load carriage with a myriad of physiological consequences, the most common being pain occurrence and changes in physiological responses. The cardio-pulmonary response to a physical activity is dependent on its intensity which translates to weight of schoolbag being carried. The response to each physical activity is also dependent on the fat or lean body mass (body composition) of the individual performing it. Response to physical activity in subjects with an abundance of body fat is also concurrent with development of oxidative stress in the body. So, it is hypothesised that schoolbag carriage engenders different physiological response in terms of cardio-pulmonary, pain, postural and oxidative stress response in children belonging to different categories of body mass index (BMI). Methodology: Parental survey about awareness regarding behaviour and practices of their children with respect to schoolbag carriage was assessed by survey sheets. Anthropometric measurements for schoolchildren (males aged 10-15 years, n=60) were recorded and they were categorised into normal and overweight/obese BMI groups. They walked for 20-minutes with backpacks of varying weight (0%, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of bodyweight) during which their cardio-pulmonary parameters were assessed via COSMED k4b2. During the walks, pain reports for the entire body were mapped. The walks were video-graphed for analysis of postural undulations. Cognitive ability was assessed by ruler drop test (RDT). Before and after each walk, saliva collection was accomplished via passive drooling and the collected bio-fluid was assayed for biomarkers pertinent to oxidative stress. The parameters studied were evaluated for continuity, distribution and comparison was then further conducted by parametric or non-parametric tests whichever applicable. A mathematical model predicting the percentage change in antioxidant capacity using standardized pain, load of schoolbag carried and BMI as the predictors was developed employing linear regression. Results: Parental reports suggested that children carried heavy schoolbags in general and complained of pain causing high discomfort in neck, shoulder and back region. Majority of the parents never received any recommendations about safe load limits. All recorded anthropometric measurements for the age matched BMI categories were significantly higher (p<0.05) in overweight/obese BMI category compared to the normal category. During schoolbag carriage, heart regulation was better in case of normal BMI individuals. The lung volumes and energy expenditure were higher in overweight/obese participants (p<0.05). Cognition improved in children with normal BMI after carrying lower weight backpacks. The pain perceived was highest in the neck, shoulder and back region with shoulder. Pain perceived was higher in overweight/obese children. Posture worsened over time, and the postural undulations were more deleterious in overweight/obese children. Antioxidant status improved after carrying lower weight schoolbags. Nitric oxide mediated vasodilation was comparable in both BMI groups. The pain perception, load of schoolbag carried and BMI successfully predicted the percentage change in non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity via significant (p<0.05) mathematical regression model. Conclusion: For the same physiological load of schoolbag carried, the overweight/obese children are relatively inefficient in regulating their cardio-pulmonary responses, they suffered from higher cognitive and postural decline besides developing greater oxidative stress compared to their age-matched normal BMI counterparts. The load limit of schoolbag pertaining to 8% and 4% load of bodyweight is recommended for normal BMI and overweight/obese children based on the cumulative results on all parameters studied. The prediction equation developed realises the customized determination of safe load limit in every child. This study can be used by policy makers to formulate schoolbag load limit recommendations keeping in mind the BMI of children thus ameliorating the derogatory effects of carrying heavy schoolbags in children and safeguarding child health.
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    Silent bruises: Essays on determinants of intimate partner violence in India, and its consequences
    Husain, Zakir; Dutta, Mousumi
    This dissertation investigates the determinants and consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) in India. The research questions are: 1) what is the relationship between empowerment and IPV at the individual level, 2) what are the determinants of IPV at the community level, 3) does witnessing parental violence as a child determine the probability of the respondents’ victimisation as an adult, and 4) whether maternal exposure to IPV determines children’s anthropometric outcomes. The study uses data from the Demographic Health Survey (DHS). The first question is analysed using the third and fourth rounds of DHS data (2005-06 and 2015-16). The second question is analysed using spatial models at the district level; such data is available only for the fourth round of DHS. After completing the analysis for (1) and (2), the fifth round of DHS (2019-21) was publicly released and was used to examine the last two research questions. The analysis of the relationship between IPV and empowerment, using a control function approach, found the relationship between empowerment and IPV to vary over the period of study; moreover, the relationship depended upon the form of the violence studied. Analysis using spatial regression models reveals a higher incidence of IPV in India’s eastern states than in their western counterparts. Districts characterized by low empowerment levels, high child-sex ratio, road connectivity, and a high proportion of socially marginalised groups are associated with higher IPV levels. Spatial spillovers are also observed in the incidence of IPV. The study reveals that IPV has adverse consequences on the victim’s children. Non-parametric kernel-based estimates reveal that childhood exposure to spousal physical violence increases the respondent’s likelihood of experiencing all forms of violence as an adult; this effect varies with education, empowerment levels, and household asset holding. Further, a mother’s exposure to IPV can also lead to adverse nutritional outcomes (stunting, underweight, or a hyper-critical group comprising of children who are both stunted and underweight) in the victim’s children — as indicated by results of a Two Stage Least Square models and validated by a control function approach. The study concludes by arguing in favour of empowering women, particularly at the community level, to reduce the incidence of IPV.